A change over time essays

A change over time essays At its peak the Roman Empire was roughly the size of the United States. This is due to the huge expanison during the years of 31 BC to 180 AD. The expansion took over not only land but a vast arrangement of peoples and their cultures. The Roman empirs was one of the most diverse empires to date, and while most assimilated to fit Roman standards, just as many kept their heritage. It is because of this diverse heritage and large expansion that caused the Romans to go through many economic, political, social, and religious changes throughout a three hundred year stretch. Between the years 100 AD and 400 AD the Roman empire would go through continuous change that would eventually be its own demise. Some people will argue that the Roman empire thrived because of its large cities and merchant trading. However, in all actuallity most of its important citizens were small independent farmers spread throughout the countryside. As time went on and Roman aristocrats became greedier and power hungry, small farms joined to make large estates ran by slaves. Slaves became the backbone of the Roman economy. Many slaves came from war, some because they were abandoned, but all worked with litttle or no return. That is why there were vital, they produced vast amounts of agriculture while costing nothing. However, when wars started dwindling and disease started spreading, the number of slaves available began to decrease as well. This was the beginning of the coloni, or land leased to peasants by the aristocrats to be worked on in return for foood and shelter. Even these workers slowly began to resemble semi-slaves. Taxation was also a big money supply. In the beginning only those wi th the right blood line was a citizen of the empire and were also the only ones taxed. This changed when it was declared that any free person was a citizen to the empire, therefore broadening taxation to all. Taxation veared its head most dramatically betwee...

Free Essays on Stem Cells

What is morally correct when it comes to fetal tissue and human embryo research? In article â€Å"Nod to Fetal Tissue Research May Ignite Ethical Firestorm† by Tim Friend printed in the USA TODAY this question is addressed purposed. Researchers want to use â€Å"pre-embryo’s† to have as a source of stem cells. Is This any better, as a posed to the use of regular embryos? â€Å"The word pre-embryo is a false term† according to Judie Brown, president of the American Life League in Stafford, Va. She claims â€Å"An embryo is and embryo at fertilization, period!† Though, other people in this article do an excellent job at stating the opposing view. It says that a pre-embryo consists of a tiny ball of cells, that lack a nervous system and don’t contain any limps or organs. It would be depending on religious beliefs as to if this should be regarded as human life or not. Judy Brown added to this comment that â€Å"What they’re purposing is to take tiny babies, redefine them as scientific material and destroy them for the purpose of research and experimentation.† And it is because of concerns like those of Judy Brown’s that the Roslin Institute in Scotland (whic h responsible for the cloning of Dolly) was granted twenty million do! llars in the course of the next six years. It will use the money to try and find alternative methods. The goal is to create a procedure which be called reprogramming. This would be the ability of an egg cell to reprogram the DNA of an adult and react as if it we an embryo. If that attempt to find other methods fails then it would only be patients who wanted to be involved that would participate. â€Å"†¦this would involve that you, the patient, have control over.† It would only be people who wanted to donate embryos to improve their own health. This article was written so that a variety of audiences can read it and form their own opinions. There is medical terminology us by some of the researchers or... Free Essays on Stem Cells Free Essays on Stem Cells What is morally correct when it comes to fetal tissue and human embryo research? In article â€Å"Nod to Fetal Tissue Research May Ignite Ethical Firestorm† by Tim Friend printed in the USA TODAY this question is addressed purposed. Researchers want to use â€Å"pre-embryo’s† to have as a source of stem cells. Is This any better, as a posed to the use of regular embryos? â€Å"The word pre-embryo is a false term† according to Judie Brown, president of the American Life League in Stafford, Va. She claims â€Å"An embryo is and embryo at fertilization, period!† Though, other people in this article do an excellent job at stating the opposing view. It says that a pre-embryo consists of a tiny ball of cells, that lack a nervous system and don’t contain any limps or organs. It would be depending on religious beliefs as to if this should be regarded as human life or not. Judy Brown added to this comment that â€Å"What they’re purposing is to take tiny babies, redefine them as scientific material and destroy them for the purpose of research and experimentation.† And it is because of concerns like those of Judy Brown’s that the Roslin Institute in Scotland (whic h responsible for the cloning of Dolly) was granted twenty million do! llars in the course of the next six years. It will use the money to try and find alternative methods. The goal is to create a procedure which be called reprogramming. This would be the ability of an egg cell to reprogram the DNA of an adult and react as if it we an embryo. If that attempt to find other methods fails then it would only be patients who wanted to be involved that would participate. â€Å"†¦this would involve that you, the patient, have control over.† It would only be people who wanted to donate embryos to improve their own health. This article was written so that a variety of audiences can read it and form their own opinions. There is medical terminology us by some of the researchers or...

East Asian History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

East Asian History - Essay Example A man is allowed to marry if his wife fails to give birth to a baby boy. People use to sold their daughters if they want to work in the lands of rich land lords. The subject of this paper and my ancestor is one of those poor women who struggled hard to live her life, the one who loved her daughters and value them. She had to bear pain of foot binding and post marriage customs but she didn't give up and continued to work hard and serve her family and children. I was glad to know by my mother that my ancestors lived in song dynasty as I was very fond of knowing about ancient China specially song dynasty. My ancestor was born when the country was under Confucius rule, so according to the traditions she was named "daughter no 2" as she was the second daughter of her parents Her father was a farmer and she daily saw her mother working harder than her father and other males. Her mother loved her a lot as she had to sell her elder daughter (daughter no 1) to a rich land owner in order to earn bread and butter by farming on their land. It was one of the happiest days of her life when she takes the first step and gets clothes to wear and straw shoes by her mother first time since she was born. It was made up of hemp (the cheapest material). While playing with her friends in the land, she was deeply impressed by the silk material wore by the daughter of the land lord and wishes to express her desire but was scared as she never saw her mother expre ssing anything My ancestor loves to play with children's living in the vicinity " such as flying kites and sliding down a stairway railing, to activities meant to emulate the adult males around them - playing the zither, writing poetry, and enacting a ritual washing of the Buddha."1 . As she grew up she had to wear old clothes of her mother. She always wore her hairs in two coils. She was amazed one day when unexpectedly her father took her to the market and was excited to see shopkeepers as' "one merchant is raising banners above his shop, another is supervising the unloading of grain sacks from transport boats on the Canal. Another individual is getting dressed, and the establishments, many of which seem to be for eating and drinking, seem on the whole relatively deserted2 . She looked strangely when she saw a person walking with them with his young son and another man came and did a strange practice. She asked her father what the man did and he replied that this is a tradition: "When a father goes out The son must follow behind If on a road he meets a senior He puts his feet together and joins his hand In front of a senior, He does not spit on a ground"3 She became happy as she thought his father will ignore her question now she expected something more from he father and thought he might buy something for her but her excitement comes to an end when her feet were binded. When my ancestor grew up she thought that it is said that Confucius tells us how to"act in accordance with the principle of humanity"4 then why she and other girls have to face this inhuman act of foot binding. When my ancestor turns 19 her mother told her that the greatest duty of women is to have a son. On one morning

Does the Internet strengthens Social Connections Research Paper

Does the Internet strengthens Social Connections - Research Paper Example Alongside its benefits are its shortcomings. It is widely believed that the internet has alienated people from their surroundings. It has led many people to stay home and chat with their friends online rather than going out with them in person. Other than that the internet has been exploited by the sex industry. Free pornographic images are put up online which corrupt people’s mind and children often become the main target of such an action. On an overall basis, the internet has given us a lot to gain from it and social networking without any doubt has bridged distances between people and brought them together. There aren’t many people who wouldn’t know about Facebook. It has been the most famous social networking site of all time as it allows almost 600 million people across the globe to be socially connected to each other. Famous social networking forums on the internet do not only allow people to talk to each other, rather it enables them to share a lot of vit al and important information. The creation of organization wide pages on Facebook allows workers to socially reach with each other – something that they don’t really get much time for while they’re at work. Facebook has gained so much popularity that many people think that Facebook is like a new worldwide telephone network; only difference being it carries personal connections and profiles instead of voice (Feenberg, pp. 222-240). Another famous social connection tool is Skype. This software allows its user to make free Skype to Skype audio as well as video calls. Internet technology has no doubt reached great extremes as soft wares like Skype allow two people from across the globe to be socially connected to each other by making calls without even paying a single penny. This software has also enabled businessmen to schedule important business meetings online and thereby save on important time and costs. With technologies like Skype, parents worry less before se nding their kids to study abroad knowing they can see them and talk to them whenever they want (Stadler, pp. 29-42). Social connectivity has without doubt reached great extremes with the advent of internet related software. There aren’t many people who say they know they know all about social networking and don’t know about MSN Messenger. Not only does this software provide a common platform to chat with relatives and mates throughout the world, but it also comes with a lot of other exciting options for entertainment. It allows its users to play games with each other, do voice and video chat and set common backgrounds. In this fast paced world, the internet has done a lot to keep people close to each other and software like MSN, Facebook and Skype have defined what we call the twenty first century social connectivity. Had it not been for the internet, it would take the current world company CEO and presidents ages till they get to meet their family, given the fact that they’re always engrosses with tons and tons of workload. The critics of internet as a means of social networking come up with many arguments. One study available regarding the negative effects of internet on teenagers states, (Web) â€Å"The proliferation of pornographic materials is undeniably one of the alarming things that has brought about by the Internet. It does not only corrupt the minds of the young people that are exposed to them but also it paves the way for the degradation of human dignity. It also strains the moral make up of society. The Internet

Law of Finance and Securities Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Law of Finance and Securities - Assignment Example What should a depositor do in such kind of situation? Relevant Laws An unclaimed money refers to â€Å"all principal, interest, dividends, bonuses, profits and sums of money legally payable by an ADI (Australian Deposit-taking Institution) but in respect of which the time within which proceedings may be taken for the recovery thereof has expired, and includes moneys to the credit of an account that has not been operated on either by deposit or withdrawal for a period of not less than seven years† (s69.1 Banking Act (BA) 1959). It is classified into three: (1) money in which its recovery â€Å"has been or may be barred by operation of law† (2) deposited money (3) â€Å"share capital subscribed for a share in a body from which the capital subscribed may be withdrawn by the subscriber† (s8 Unclaimed Money Act 1995 (UMA)). These three are held by an enterprise in an account which â€Å"has not been in operated for at least† six years or shorter as may be requi red by regulations or as may be confirmed by the Chief Commissioner to a certain enterprise (s7.1 UMA 1995). An Australian Deposit-taking Institution is obliged to transmit a statement to the Treasurer of all the amount of unclaimed money (s69.3 BA 1959). The sums of unclaimed money should have a minimum amount of one hundred dollars or higher (s69.3 BA 1959). An enterprise holding an unclaimed money should make reasonable efforts to locate and identify the money owner as well as to make sure that the owner is paid (s8A.1 UMA 1995). A failure to do so would not make the money an unclaimed money (s8A.2 UMA 1995). The owner of the unclaimed money has the right to recover the money from the Commissioner of Internal Revenue (s15 UMA 1995). An application for repayment should be lodged by the owner at any period before such right is extinguished (s17-18 UMA 1995). The right shall be terminated if no action has been made to recover the money within the six year period from the date of pay ment of the unclaimed money to the Chief Commissioner (s16 UMA 1995). Application Under BA 1959, Elizabeth’s money could be an unclaimed money if she has not been active with her bank account for at least seven years. On the other hand, based on UMA 1995, Elizabeth’s money in the bank would be judged as an unclaimed money if her bank account has not been in operation for not less than six years or shorter and that the bank had exerted reasonable efforts to locate her but was proven unsuccessful. In the instant scenario, it would seem that Elizabeth had not been active with her bank account for more than seven years. The facts of the case provide that she discovered an old bank book she had as a child. If her money is indeed an unclaimed money, then, the bank has a right to pass it to the government. To note, the minimum amount of money required under section 69.3 of BA 1959 is one hundred dollars. In the instant case, Elizabeth had over one thousand dollars in her old bank account. There is no notification period provided under UMA 1995. Nonetheless, it is emphasized that reasonable efforts should be exerted by the bank to locate and identify the owner of the money before declaring the money as an unclaimed money. The reason of which is that some people actually tend to forget their bank accounts (Tyree 2008). They move to other places and do not receive notifications (Tyree 2008). If the bank holding Elizabeth’s money had performed the cited requisite but was proven un

Cross-cultural leadership: An analysis

Cross-cultural leadership: An analysis Introduction I have lived, travelled and worked extensively overseas since 2003 in particular London, UK and Dubai, UAE this has sparked my interest in furthering my understanding of cross-cultural leadership issues. I have experienced working in different organisations, cultural, customs, races, work ethic, languages, morals, ethics, beliefs, class / caste systems, education, etc. this is more evident in Dubai, UAE then it was in London, UK. In this Leadership Research Project I will explore â€Å"how cross-cultural issues might influence leadership approaches†, I will be looking at it from a Western Leadership Approach and Eastern Leadership Approach, which I will define later. There are a lot of issues and factors that effect leadership approaches, styles, and effectiveness some of which are organisational culture, national culture which we will be exploring. Yousef (1998) has highlighted that leaders and followers personal attributes such as national cultural, experience, education, age, tenure with present organisation and organisational factors such as ownership have a significant relationship with leadership effectiveness. I will be looking at Western Leadership Approaches i.e. Anglo Saxon â€Å"Australian and British† verus Eastern i.e. Arabic and Indian† and drawing on some of my experiences in the Middle East while working as a Construction Project Manager in Dubai, UAE from 2007 to 2009. Please note that the terms / descriptions â€Å"Australian, Indian, Arabic etc†¦ Leaders and Managers are more Democratic, Authoritarian, Autocratic, Laissez-faire etc†¦Ã¢â‚¬  These are generalisations and I acknowledge that there are Leaders, Managers and Followers that fall outside of these generalisations, as in Leadership there is no one size that fits all approach, what works in one culture does not necessarily work in another. From personal experience adopting an Australian, British, American i.e. Western Leadership Approach, Style, Characteristics, Traits etc. to the context of the Middle East i.e. Dubai, UAE working in an Arabic Cultural and leading and managing predominately Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Sir Lankan, Chinese etc. work force does not necessarily work due to a cultural differences i.e. organisational and national, so you have to have a Situational / Contingency Leadership Approach Style to be effective in cross-cultural. Yousef (1998) suggest that leaders should adopt a leadership style that accommodates the followers personal attributes as well as organisational factors in order to achieve organisational goals and objectives effectively, this backs up my argument above. The two organisations that I worked in we polar opposites in terms on organisational cultural the first one Dutco Balfour Beatty LLC was one of the largest and well established construction and engineering companies in the UAE operating across diverse fields. The other Cliff Creek Building Contractors LLC was a relatively small company The first organisation was highly Authoritarian, Bureaucratic, over-centralised, authority and power is unequally distributed at the top and this is typical of most firms in the Middle East from my experiences. The second organisation was Brief Overview of the Industry â€Å"Insert Here† Body Definitions There is no set definition of leadership and cultural, it has been defined in many ways by many people for the purposes of this Leadership Research Project we will use the following definition Leadership Definition The GLOBE Project defines leadership as â€Å"the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organisation of which they are members† (Page 15 Culture, Leadership and Organisations The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies) Cultural Definition The GLOBE Project defines culture as â€Å"shared motives, values, beliefs, identities, and interpretations of meanings of significant events that result from common experiences of members collectives that are transmitted across generations† (Page 15 Culture, Leadership and Organisations The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies) Culture includes the organisation, country where you live or have lived in, social class, generation, gender, regional, ethnic, religious, linguistics, customs, race, work ethic, morals, ethics, beliefs, values, class / caste systems etc. Western Leadership Style Ideas Definition I have limited my Leadership Style Ideas to the UK and Australian, as this is where I have worked during my career and have experience in managing people, resources etc. in terms of Eastern Leadership Style Ideas Definition I have limited my Leadership Style Ideas to Indian as this is was the majority of the workforce in Dubai, UAE that I managed and lead i.e. Leader / Follower relationship. Literature Review A review of the Literature reveals that there has been much written on the topics of Leadership and Culture but there is not enough interaction of the topics and a lot of the literature is from a Western Perspective, more needs to be written from the prospective of the Arab and Indian and also the industry. I have found from the Literature Review that there are many Leadership Theories i.e. Transformational, Transactional, Situational, Contingency, Leadership Member Exchange â€Å"LMX†, Ethical, Authentic, Visionary, Cross-cultural, Military View â€Å"Heroic† Leadership, Strategic, Charismatic, Spiritual, Less-ego, Liberating, Theory â€Å"X, Y, Z†, Traits, etc. and that different researches call them different things and there is a lot of overlap between them. There are of course other leadership theories that I have not listed above due to the limited space available. The leadership styles, traits, characteristics and approaches that I have outlined below are a broad generalisation of leadership in terms of Australian / British i.e. Western Leadership and Arab / Indian i.e. Eastern Leadership. The seminal work in the field of cross-cultural leadership was by Greet Hofsteed 1980 which has been widely cited, he study 100,000.00 employees of IBM from 49 countries and cultures over a 6 year period from 1967 to 1973 and identified four leadership dimensions to compare leadership differences and similarities, these dimension are: Individualism / Collectivism (Refer Item 5 6 below); Hierarchy, Status and Power Distance; (Refer Item 8 below); Uncertainty Avoidance (Refer Item 9 below); and Masculinity (Refer Item 2 below). The study was of one organisation IBM and one industry, and as such these dimension are generalisations of organisational and national cultural. This work has formed the bases for other researches, to replicate, extend and refute this, one such works was the GLOBE Study. The Globe Leadership and Organisational Behaviour Effectiveness Research Program House 2004, from hear on will be referred to as the â€Å"Globe Study† for the rest of Leadership Research Project. The GLOBE Study examined 62 cultures across 3 industries (Financial Services, Food Processing and Telecommunications), how culture related to societal, organisational and leadership effectiveness. It studied 17,300.00 managers in 951 organisations and tested 27 hypotheses over a 5 year from 1992 to 1997. The Globe Study examined leadership from the followers point of view and used Hofsteed 1980 original four dimensions albeit renamed and added five new cultural dimensions listed below: Future Orientation; Gender Egalitarianism (Refer Item above 4); Assertiveness; Humane Orientation; In-Group Collectivism (Refer Item above 1); Institutional Collectivism (Refer Item above 1); Performance Orientation; Power Concentration vs. Decentralisation (Refer Item above 2); and Uncertainty Avoidance (Refer Item above 3). Refer to Appendix A for Definitions of item 1 to 9 above. The Global Study identified six major global leadership behaviours: Autonomous; Charismatic / Value-Based; Humane Oriented; Participative; Self-Protective; and Team Oriented. Refer to Appendix A for Definitions of item 1 to 6 above. They also identified 22 attributes that are universally accepted across the 62 cultures for effective Leadership: Trustworthy; Just; Honest; Foresight; Plans ahead; Encouraging; Positive; Dynamic; Motive arousers; Confidence Builder; Motivational; Dependable; Intelligent; Decisive; Effective bargainor; Win-win problems solver; Administrative Skilled; Communicative; Informed; Coordinator Team Builder; and Excellence oriented. They also identified 8 attributes that are universally not accepted across the 62 cultures for effective Leadership: Loner; Asocial; Non-cooperative; Irritable; Non-explicit; Egocentric; Ruthless; and Dictatorial. Jacob 2005 suggests that there are short comings of global sweep studies as cultural and management are dynamic and constantly evolving where these studies are a static snapshot of a country orientation. She then goes on to say cross-cultural managers should be able to gauge what types of leadership behaviour works in a particular culture and develop skills which enable them to assume the required leadership behaviour, this reinforces my argument above regarding Situational Leadership. She cites Fiedler who suggests that leadership style used should match the situational requirements. I think that the cultural dimensions and typologies that are outlined in this paper and that were identified by Hofseed (1980), Hampden-Turner and Trompenaars (2000), House et al (2004) and others have there place, and are a good indicator for organisations and individual leaders who are proposing or are already actively operating in a different culture and country to there own e.g. Australian / Middle East / Indian. As this will give them an indicative guide to what attributes are universal across cultures, are considered good and bad and specific to a particular culture and what followers expect from there leader. I will identify below the individual attributes of the Western Easter Leaders as identified by Hofsteed 1980 and the Globe Study 2004. Western Leadership Approaches Australian and England â€Å"Anglo† Generally According to House et al 2007 1 P297 Generally Leaders from Anglo Countries i.e. Australia, Canada, England, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa (White Sample) and the USA are highly performance orientated, mildly assertiveness, future orientation, gender egalitarianism, humane orientation, institutional collectivism, power distance and uncertainty avoidance but low on in-group collectivism. Leaders from these countries generally support a charismatic / Value Based Leadership Approach, Style, Traits, Characteristics very strongly compared to other countries. It also quiet strongly supported Team Oriented Leadership and elements of participated leadership which enacted in humane oriented manner. Self-Protective Behaviours were viewed negatively a â€Å"Person Oriented† Leadership is endorsed by all Anglo countries where results are expected to be delivered and achieved by the leader by operating in a team. Australian The Australian management and leadership style I was born and breed in Australia which has influenced my leadership style, approach, characteristics, traits etc. This was developed through cultural influences both organisational and societal i.e. values, beliefs, morals, ethics, customs, rituals, artefacts, language, social class, generation, gender,†¦ which are learned and engrained in you from an early age. The generalisation of Australian Leadership style, approach, characteristics, traits etc. are Generally in Australia our culture and leadership is an enigma which is full or contradiction and change this has been developed over our relatively short history from European Settlement in1788 by the British to present day, which has included the following: Pre- and Early Settlement; Government and Politics; Economy; Australia as a Multicultural, Tolerant and Pluralist Society; Relationship with Other Countries. Values Egalitarianism â€Å"Mateship† and â€Å"A Fair Go† Inspirational not Charismatic Individual Rewards Performance Oriented â€Å"One of the Boys† Distrust of Politics and Politicians National Identity with the Heroism of the Anzacs Australia Continued Refer to table 9.1 P. 305 British The British management and leadership style General Specific Refer to Australia for details Eastern Leadership Approaches Arabic We had to extrapolate the GLOBE Study data for the Middle East to Dubai, UAE as only Egypt, Qatar, Turkey, Kuwait, Morocco were researched the Globe Study. I will have to extrapolate the Middle East Data to Dubai, UAE as only Egypt, Qatar, Turkey, Kuwait, Morocco were researched the Globe Study. I acknowledge that there are differences between countries and industries. General Specific Refer to Australia for details Indian, Pakistani, etc. General Specific Refer to Australia for details Indian is a spiritual culture Ethics and Social Responsibility With regards to ethics and social responsibility within the context of Dubai, UAE and the construction industry / construction companies I worked with this issue does not exist it has been my experience. Practical Implications Conclusions and Recommendations So as a Western Leader and Manager, who is managing Indians for example you should exhibit the following behaviours in the followers eyes if you do not already posses them. Culture and Leadership are inextricably linked. There is a need for further research in the area of cre Due to the globalisation of business and the mix of cultures References / Bibliography I have used APA or Harvard citation in this Leadership Research Project. Books 1. Sinclair, A. (2007). Leadership for the disillusioned Moving beyond myths and heroes to leading that liberates. Allen Unwin: ISBN: 978-1-7417-5100-0. 2. Jackson, B. Parry, K. (2008). A Very Short, Fairly Interesting and Reasonably Cheap Book About Studying Leadership. Sage: ISBN: 978-1-4129-2848-5 3. Jagdeep S. Chhokar, Felix C. Brodbeck, Robert J. House (2007). Culture and Leadership Across the World The GLOBE Book of In-Depth Studies of 25 Cultures. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: ISBN 0-8058-5997-7 Journals 1. Dawish A. Yousef College of Business Economics, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates Correlates of perceived leadership style in a culturally mixed environment Leadership Organisation Development Journal 19,5 (1998) 275 284 MCB University Press (ISSN 0143-7739); 2. Nina Jacob Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University, Post Bus, The Netherlands Cross-cultural investigations: emerging concepts Journal of Organisational Change Management Vol. 18 No. 5, 2005 pp. 514 528 Emerald Group Publishing Limited 0953-4814. Appendices Appendix A Definitions GLOBE Study 2004 Future Orientation; Is the degree to which individuals in organisations or societies engage in future-oriented behaviours such as planning, investing in the future, and delaying individual or collective gratification. Gender Egalitarianism; Is the extent to which an organisations or societies minimises gender role differences while promoting gender equity and the equality of genders. Assertiveness; Is the degree to which individuals in organisations or societies are assertive, confrontational, and aggressive in social relationships Humane Orientation; Is the degree to which individuals in organisations or societies encourage and reward individuals for being fair, altruistic, friendly, generous, caring, kind to others, and exhibiting and promoting altruistic ideals. In-Group Collectivism (Collectivism II); Reflects the degree to which individuals express pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their organisations, families, circle of close friends, or other such small groups. Institutional Collectivism (Collectivism I); Reflects the degree to which organisational and societal institutional practises encourage and reward collective distribution of resources and collective action. Performance Orientation; Refers to the extent to which high level members of organisations or societies encourage and reward group members for performance improvement and excellence. Power Distance Is the degree to which members of an organisation and society encourage and reward unequal distribution of power with greater power at higher levels. Uncertainty Avoidance. Is the extent to which members of an organisation or society strive to avoid uncertainty by relying on established social norms, rituals, and bureaucratic practices to decrease the probability of unpredictable future events that could adversely affect the operation of an organisation or society, and also remedy the potential adverse effects of such unpredictable future events. Ch. 1 Introduction Culture Page 3 and 4 Jagdeep S. Chhokar, Felix C. Brodbeck, Robert J. House (2007). Culture and Leadership Across the World The GLOBE Book of In-Depth Studies of 25 Cultures. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates: ISBN 0-8058-5997-7 Mr. Matthew C. Smith (S2748489) Draft Leadership Project Assignment 13 of 15 Rev. 1 12/02/2010 1:47pm 5158 Master of Business Administration (MBA) South Bank Leadership Characteristics Australian England Arabic Indian Universal Differences General Attributes Specific Attributes Game Metaphor Mateship Work Ethic Caution Adversarial One of Us Tall Poppy Underdog Pragmatic Mr. Matthew C. Smith (S2748489) Draft Leadership Project Assignment 13 of 15 Rev. 1 12/02/2010 1:47pm 5158 Master of Business Administration (MBA) South Bank Brainstorming / Ideas to be used or not â€Å"Leadership inexorably intertwinded with Culture† P.2 Cultural Methology and Global Leadership Edited by Eric H. Kessler and Diana J. Wong-Mingji† â€Å"Leadership is something that is co-produced within a specific context† and â€Å"Leadership is co-produced by leaders and followers† Ch. 4 Cultural Perspectives on Leadership Page 61 A Very Short, Fairly Interesting and Reasonably Cheap Book About Studying Leadership Brad Jackson and Ken Parry. â€Å"Leadership is essentially a cultural activity it is suffused with values, beliefs, language, rituals and artefacts† Page 63 Culture Leadership A Very Short, Fairly Interesting and Reasonably Cheap Book About Studying Leadership Brad Jackson and Ken Parry. â€Å"Culture Shock† I want to mention this. â€Å"Cultural Intelligence† Change management / leadership style and ideas to suit cultural context i.e. Situational Leadership. Sarros Santora leadership is embedded in social and cultural beliefs and values, and cannot be fully understood apart from the context in which it exists.

National Basketball Championship Essay examples -- Sports Basketball

The ball soaring towards the basket; flying all the way from half-court. Bang! The ball slams off the backboard and plunges onto the rim as 70,930 people fall into shock. Will the impossible happen? Unfortunately for the upstart Butler Bulldogs, Gordan Hayward's desperation heave at the buzzer of the 2010 NCAA National Championship game was 3 inches off the mark, allowing perennial power Duke to walk away with their fourht National Championship. However, Butler's magical run shows why the NCAA Tournament is such a great event and why it does its job as a fair way to decide the National Champion. Meanwhile, three months earlier, Boise State is stuck at home, wondering what could have been as they watch Alabama and Texas get the opportunity to play for the National Championship. Boise State was undefeated. The BCS system, which decides the two teams who get to play for the title in college football, is considered by many to be iniquitous and believe the sport should switch to a playoff format similarly to what is used in college basketball. The two championships are set up quite differently. The obvious difference is that the basketball format is a playoff, while in football only two teams get the chance to play. A committee of people come together and set up the basketball tournament by seeding the teams into four â€Å"brackets†, seeding the teams 1-17 in each bracket. The decision making process can be quite complicated. First of all, 30 teams automatically play their way into the tournament by winning their conference tournament. This means no matter how terrible a team played in the regular season, they still get the chance to play their way into the National Championship game. The only exception to this is the Ivy League. They do ... ... truth is the reason that the college football universe is being prevented from getting a playoff. Even though in many ways a playoff is a fairer, more efficient, and more entertaining way of deciding the National Champion, money and power end up smothering this idea. Until the people with the power decide to finally do the right thing, there will always be teams such as Boise State or TCU on the outside looking in, wondering what could have been. Works Cited Eisenburg, Jeff. â€Å"How college hoops would look if the BCS replaced the NCAA tourney.† rivals.yahoo.com. 11 November 2010. Web. 22 November 2010. Murphy, Austin. â€Å"BCS supporters don’t get it: current system isn’t better than playoff.† www.si.com. 12 November 2010. Web. 22 November 2010. Murphy, Austin and Dan Wetzel. â€Å"Does it Matter?† Sports Illustrated. 15 November 2010: 42-48. National Basketball Championship Essay examples -- Sports Basketball The ball soaring towards the basket; flying all the way from half-court. Bang! The ball slams off the backboard and plunges onto the rim as 70,930 people fall into shock. Will the impossible happen? Unfortunately for the upstart Butler Bulldogs, Gordan Hayward's desperation heave at the buzzer of the 2010 NCAA National Championship game was 3 inches off the mark, allowing perennial power Duke to walk away with their fourht National Championship. However, Butler's magical run shows why the NCAA Tournament is such a great event and why it does its job as a fair way to decide the National Champion. Meanwhile, three months earlier, Boise State is stuck at home, wondering what could have been as they watch Alabama and Texas get the opportunity to play for the National Championship. Boise State was undefeated. The BCS system, which decides the two teams who get to play for the title in college football, is considered by many to be iniquitous and believe the sport should switch to a playoff format similarly to what is used in college basketball. The two championships are set up quite differently. The obvious difference is that the basketball format is a playoff, while in football only two teams get the chance to play. A committee of people come together and set up the basketball tournament by seeding the teams into four â€Å"brackets†, seeding the teams 1-17 in each bracket. The decision making process can be quite complicated. First of all, 30 teams automatically play their way into the tournament by winning their conference tournament. This means no matter how terrible a team played in the regular season, they still get the chance to play their way into the National Championship game. The only exception to this is the Ivy League. They do ... ... truth is the reason that the college football universe is being prevented from getting a playoff. Even though in many ways a playoff is a fairer, more efficient, and more entertaining way of deciding the National Champion, money and power end up smothering this idea. Until the people with the power decide to finally do the right thing, there will always be teams such as Boise State or TCU on the outside looking in, wondering what could have been. Works Cited Eisenburg, Jeff. â€Å"How college hoops would look if the BCS replaced the NCAA tourney.† rivals.yahoo.com. 11 November 2010. Web. 22 November 2010. Murphy, Austin. â€Å"BCS supporters don’t get it: current system isn’t better than playoff.† www.si.com. 12 November 2010. Web. 22 November 2010. Murphy, Austin and Dan Wetzel. â€Å"Does it Matter?† Sports Illustrated. 15 November 2010: 42-48.

Whistling Vivaldi

The book gets its title from a story a black New York Times writer, Brent Staples, told Steele about how he ad to whistle Vivaldi anytime he walked on the streets of Hyde Park a suburb of Chicago so he wouldn't look violent to the dominantly white people who lived on that part. Staples who knew he had a social identity because he was black used the whistling to steer through that part of his daily life.Identity contingencies are the things you have to deal with in a situation because you have a given social identity. Stereotype threat in the book, from my understanding can thus be defined as when a person finds himself/herself in situation or circumstance where his or her performance/behavior consciously or unconsciously is affected usually by negative stereotypes.A typical example was the Golf experiment in the book where Jeff stone and his team using typical stereotypes about whites been less naturally athletic than blacks and blacks been less intelligent than whites as the experim ental variables was able to prove how the performance of the white students at Princeton University was reduced when they were told they were been tested or their natural athletic ability and how the same thing happened to the black students when they were told they were been tested for their sports strategic intelligence.The 2nd experiment Steele describes was the experiment in which a third grade teacher Jane Elliot trying to teach her students the importance of the life and works of Dry Martin Luther King identified eye color as the basis Of been smarter, cleaner and been well behaved. This experiment exemplified how an identity and stereotype affects a person's way of thinking and ability.

Employee Relations Service-Profit Value Chain

Employee Relations Service-Profit Value Chain The service-profit value chain (SPVC) is a model of the relationship between employee productivity, service delivery, and customer satisfaction that explains the link between customer service as a broad concept and business profitability. Although the model is generally well-known, it does not seem to attract as much academic attention as other concepts in CRM. That is unfortunate because the SPVC is one of the more flexible and practical analytical models available; if understood and applied correctly, it is equally useful as a tool for external analysis of firms as well as a tool for planning. The Basic Concept behind the SPVC: Employees Come First The development of the SPVC is attributed to a group of Harvard Business School faculty members led by James L. Heskett, and the model was introduced in an article in the Harvard Business Review in 1994 (â€Å"Putting the Service-Profit Value Chain to Work†, Harvard Business Review, March-April 1994). The basic concept of the SPVC, the ‘links’ in the chain, is expressed as a series of propositions: Profit and growth result from customer loyalty. Customer loyalty results from customer satisfaction. Customer satisfaction results from service value. Service value results from employee loyalty and productivity. Employee loyalty and productivity are results of employee satisfaction. Employee satisfaction results from internal service quality. Internal service quality refers to the working environment – working conditions, compensation and rewards, policies, and support that facilitate the delivery of service by employees. The philosophy â€Å"Take care of your employees and they will take care of your business,† expressed in different ways by management icons like Virgin’s Richard Branson, Southwest Airlines’ Herb Kelleher or Enterprise Rent-a-Car’s Jack Taylor is not just homespun wisdom, but really the fundamental idea behind the SPVC. The customer is naturally the highest priority, but the business can’t meet the customer’s needs unless it has something to deliver; and the only way the business can accomplish that is to cultivate its workforce, which makes internal service quality the first objective. You may be interested in: Five Forces Analysis SWOT Analysis Five Components of Service Management The ADL Matrix and Gap Analysis Ansoff, Boston, and the Strategy Clock The SPVC as an Empirical Model One of the advantages of the SPVC as an analytical tool is that it can be configured as kind of empirical model. Heskett, et al. made the argument that customer satisfaction – and consequently, customer loyalty leading to profitability for the firm – is the result of the customer’s perception of service value. The service value perception is a judgment by the customer that compares the outcomes of the service and the quality of the process to the price of the service and other costs to the customer to obtain the service. The customer assessment can be expressed as a customer value equation: [SO + PQ]/[P + C] = CV → CL → PROFIT Of course, in order for this equation to be useful, some meaningful values have to be assigned to the variables, and that might present a bit of a challenge. The easiest way to approach the problem is to start with the variables that have a known value: Price (P) and Profit; profit should be expressed as a numerical value, i.e. price times profit margin. Other customer costs (C) can be estimated; factors such as the price differential between the firm’s product or service and that of a competitor, the difference in distance a customer has to travel to reach the business rather than a competitor, shipping or transfer costs, and costs in time required for the customer to obtain the product or service all account for C, and with a little research a fairly accurate estimate can be generated. Service Outcome (SO) is a bit more difficult, but if it is generalized to represent ‘completion of a transaction’, it can be handled with a Likert Scale. For example: 1 – Transaction not completed 2 – Transaction completed, but below customer expectations 3 – Transaction completed, met customer expectations 4 – Transaction completed, exceeded customer expectations Note that in this scale there is no ‘0’. A transaction that is not completed or is otherwise entirely unsatisfactory to the customer probably deserves a ‘0’, but that would also increase the likelihood that the left side of the equation would equal ‘0’; not only would that be mathematically incorrect (unless profit happens to equal ‘0’ as well), but it is simply not very helpful in analyzing problems with service. Process quality (PQ) is the most subjective factor, but because this entire formula is an expression of customer perceptions, a scale similar to the one used to assign a value to SO can be used here. Here’s how it looks with real numbers plugged in: Wacky Lube, a chain of auto service shops, has done a customer survey about their $9.99 quick oil change service, which at that price has a margin of 15%. The company has decided to focus on the time to complete the service as the key factor in other customer costs; they learn through the survey that their customers have an average income of about $30,000, and spend an average of 21 minutes waiting for the service to be completed. Overall, the customers surveyed rate the service outcome at 2.5, and the process quality at 3.1. Thus, SO = 2.5 PQ = 3.1 P = 9.99 C = 5.25 (at $30,000 a year, a full-time worker is earning $0.25 per minute) PROFIT = 1.50 ($9.99 x 15%) [2.5 + 3.1]/[9.99 + 5.25] = CV → 1.50 0.3675 = CV, which corresponds to $1.50 profit for the quick-oil-change service. This is the point where the equation becomes only â€Å"sort of† empirical. First and most noticeably, the contribution of internal service quality and employee satisfaction is completely missing from this formula. That is an omission in the research literature as well; despite the importance given to employee satisfaction, there has been very little if any scholarly work done to this point to try to model it, possibly because internal service environments differ greatly from one workplace to another. As it is, the equation only indicates that some undefined status quo in Wacky Lube’s internal service environment correlates to a CV of 0.3675, leaving Wacky Lube’s management with a bit more work to do to figure out the connections. The second problem is that the profit and the CV can be and probably are mutually exclusive; revenues are a function of customer value/customer loyalty as a sales driver, but profits are a function of costs. There are some circumstances where costs are related to customer loyalty – for instance, greater customer retention or repeat business tends to lower some costs – but caution must be exercised in applying the results of the SPVC analysis.

Why We Sympathize with MacBeth

Why We Sympathize with MacBeth Free Online Research Papers Why We Sympathize with MacBeth MacBeth fits all of the characteristics of a tragic hero. He is an important character in the play, has a character flaw (his ambition), has one good quality (at the start of the play he was noble and respected), has someone to tempt or persuade him to commit a crime (Lady MacBeth and the witches), deserves his fate (MacBeth did not simply make a mistake, he committed a terrible crime – the murder of a king (and many others) is definitely frowned upon in Elizabethan times), and was punished for the crime (he was killed), which he has committed. MacBeth definitely is the tragic hero of MacBeth. By giving him a good quality, the author creates sympathy for MacBeth. Philosophers, such as Aristotle, believed that the audience must feel sympathy for the tragic hero; otherwise, it was not considered a good play because the audience could not empathize with the tragic hero. MacBeth has a very good quality: his courage. He says: â€Å"Ill fight till from my bones my flesh be hacked. Give me my armor.† 5, 3, 32-33 He says this even though he realizes he will die. The tragic hero and everyone associated with him must die. MacBeth should die because he has committed both treason and a religious crime – he is killed by MacDuff. Lady MacBeth commits suicide towards the end of the play, and MacBeths followers are killed in the last battle of the play. Furthermore, MacBeth causes pain and suffering to innocent parties, and, thus, fulfilling the very definition of a â€Å"tragic hero†. Readers feel sorry for MacBeth because of all the reasons that make a tragic hero. In the beginning of the play MacBeth was certainly a military hero who was worthy of the praises and rewards bestowed upon him. Shakespeare described him in terms such as these: â€Å"For brave MacBeth – well he deserves that name –† 1, 2,16 â€Å"O valiant cousin, worthy gentlemen.† 1, 2, 24 â€Å"What he hath lost, noble MacBeth hath won.† 1, 2, 67 MacBeth is portrayed as a brave and loyal soldier who fights for king and country. His only weakness is his ambition. When the witches prophesize that he is going to become Thane of Cawdor and afterwards king, MacBeth does not believe any of it. But when he later does become Thane of Cawdor he is hard put to ignore the prophecy as the first step in a seemingly unattainable goal has suddenly become within reach for him. Without the witches’ prophesy in his head it is very doubtful MacBeth would have acted the way that he did, the prophesy gives MacBeth the feeling that all the events are preordained and that even without any interference from him things would snowball to the end result anyway. Shakespeare makes you feel sorry for him in that MacBeth felt like he didn’t really have any choice in the matter; everything was out of his control. When MacBeth hears of the witches’ prophesy the thought of killing his king is abhorrent to him: â€Å"†¦Whose horrid image doth unfix my hair And make my seated heart knock at my ribs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  1, 3, 134-135 â€Å"†¦Present fears Are less than horrible imaginings.† 1, 3, 136-137 The play lets you see that MacBeth is very reluctant to take any action towards him becoming king but with the witches’ prophesy and Lady MacBeth’s urging, cajoling, insulting and threatening he is under a lot of pressure to act accordingly. Audiences feel sorry for MacBeth as he is tempted by the prospect of becoming king but at the price of murdering a man that had been very good and generous to him. MacBeth struggles with his morals and his conscience but in the end his ambition wins and he gives in to the evil urges. â€Å"First, as I am his kinsman and his subject, Strong both against the deed; then, as his host, Not bear the knife myself. Besides, this Duncan Hath borne his faculties so meek, hath been So clear in his great office, that his virtues Will plead like angels, trumpet-tongued against The deep damnation of his taking-off.† 1, 7, 13-20 â€Å"†¦ That tears shall drown the wind. I have no spur To prick the sides of my intent, but only Vaulting ambition which o’erleaps itself And falls on th’other – † 1, 7,25-28 MacBeth had even decided not to murder the king however his wife and the witches were too much for him to handle so finally he succumbed to their combined pressures. Even though MacBeth murdered four people Shakespeare paints MacBeth as a man deeply troubled and tormented by his bloody deeds. MacBeth sees Banquo’s ghost and is deeply shaken by the encounter: â€Å"Thou canst not say I did it; never shake Thy gory locks at me!† 3, 4, 50-51 His guilty conscience tortures him. When he became king, MacBeth does not even get to enjoy it, he was tormented by guilt and ghosts created by his mind and his becoming king only brought him pain and suffering – this is all shown in the play and that’s why readers feel such sorrow for MacBeth. He had done so much yet never had the chance to enjoy the fruits of his labor. In the end MacBeth loses everything; he loses what he coveted the most and did anything and everything to get: the kingship, but more tragically he also loses interest in life itself: â€Å"†¦ Better be with the dead Whom we, to gain our peace, have sent to peace, Than on the torture of the mind to lie In restless ecstasy. Duncan is in his grave. After life’s fitful fever, he sleeps well.† 3, 2, 19-23 He even envies the peace of death that Duncan enjoys. Lady MacBeth kills herself and it does not even matter anymore to MacBeth. The irony of it was that he had everything that he’d ever wanted yet his life had becoming meaningless. â€Å"Life’s but a walking shadow, a poor player †¦ It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury Signifying nothing.† 5,5 23-26 The crux of the problem was the witches. Without the prophecies he would not have killed his king, he would not have ordered the murder of Banquo and MacDuff’s family and he would not have thought himself invincible and gone into battle only to get himself killed. It is not MacBeth’s actions that made him what he became but rather the actions of those around him i.e. Lady MacBeth. Throughout the whole play we are constantly reminded that MacBeth never made any decision by himself to do the things that he did. It is always the interference of someone else that had caused those things to happen. Readers feel the deepest sympathy for MacBeth who commits one horrific crime after another at the urgings of others when he would have been content to just being the Thane of Cawdor – and illustrious title in itself. â€Å"We will proceed no further in this business†¦Ã¢â‚¬  1, 1, 31 But most sad of all MacBeth is primarily the victim of his own ambition. Another reason Shakespeare gives for us to feel sympathy for MacBeth is the fact that they cannot have children. MacBeth says to Lady MacBeth: â€Å"Bring forth men-children only, †¦Nothing but males†¦Ã¢â‚¬  1, 7, 72-74 This shows how much MacBeth wants an heir. Yet Lady MacBeth is unable to give him any. This might be because of Lady MacBeth’s demand that the spirits â€Å"unsex† her so she is able to kill Duncan. Readers feel sorry for MacBeth about this because it is through no fault of his that he will not have any children. Although MacBeth is certainly a villainous, evil man based solely on his actions, a fuller examination of his characters portrayal leads to a more sympathetic view of him. The play does not portray MacBeth simply as a cold-blooded murderer, but rather as a tortured soul attempting to deal with the atrocities surrounding him. The main reason why readers would feel sorry for MacBeth would be that everything that had happened wasn’t really his fault. Lady MacBeth even kills herself because she couldn’t handle the guilt anymore – this is very sad for MacBeth, as they were very close in the play. Readers also feel sorry for him in that he lost the only person he trusted and was close to. At the conclusion of the play the cruelest blow yet is dealt to MacBeth. The witches had informed him that ‘no man born of woman’ could kill him. He was lulled into a false sense of security so feels confident in going out to battle. What he does not know and does not find out until right before his death is that Macduff was born by Cesarean section – in Elizabethan times this was not considered natural, therefore not ‘born to a woman’. Readers can pity this man who had once been a loyal and trusted soldier serving his liege but instead became a â€Å"tyrant† and â€Å"butcher† who with his â€Å"fiend-like queen† committed regicide and other horrific murders to become king but end up lose everything he had. Research Papers on Why We Sympathize with MacBethHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionWhere Wild and West MeetCapital PunishmentHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Fifth HorsemanArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Effects of Television Violence on ChildrenBringing Democracy to Africa

Refugee health is a wicked problem Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Refugee health is a wicked problem - Article Example It means controlling the disease menace becomes a hard task due to a large number requiring immediate healthcare support. Alternatively, with a large number of refugee health problems, health practitioners equally get overstretched because of limited healthcare resources such as drugs and other medicine (Estrine et al, 2010). Overall, refugee health is a serious problem in any society particularly if the government refuses to participate in alleviating the situation. However, I don’t believe the health system should be responsible for all refugee policy. This is because the health system lacks the capacity and resources to manage the refugee menace that is considered a worldwide problem. Instead, the government should put it as a priority among its challenges. In that case, for example, the government deserves to provide health professionals and build facilities that cater for refugees (Ingleby, 2006). Similarly, in order to manage the refugee policy, the government should disburse funds that cater for registered refugees to enable them live healthy lives. The government is equally tasked with resettling refugees while according them longer health insurance that reflects their limited rights and liberties. Psychological counseling is another role that should be played by the government and not the health system (Toebes et al, 2012). It is because the government is endowed with both money and professionals to manage the refuge

Case Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Case Law - Essay Example The focus of this report will be to examine the two decisions to discover the inconsistencies and assess the reasons for them. The basic issue at stake in both the cases is that of defining the extent of individual liberty and freedoms that may be exercised under the constitutional amendments to the Constitution in the context of the wider moral framework of public morality and codes of behavior. The suit was brought by defendant Hardwick who was charged by the Georgia State Government for criminal violation of the state’s statute that criminalized sodomy. Hardwick challenged the constitutionality of his criminal conviction, since it violated his fundamental rights. The District Court supported the State’s position but the Court of Appeals reversed the decision. However, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Georgia statute. In connection with the issue of fundamental rights of the defendant, the Court stated: â€Å" None of the fundamental rights announced in this Courts prior cases involving family relationships, marriage, or procreation bear any resemblance to the right asserted in this case. And any claim that those cases stand for the proposition that any kind of private sexual conduct between consenting adults is constitutionally insulated from state proscription is unsupportable† [pp 190-191] The Supreme Court supported its position by quoting the case of Stanley v Georgia3:†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..the fact that homosexual conduct occurs in the privacy of the home does not affect the result.† (pp 195-196). During the period when this case was prosecuted in the courts, most states had laws that criminalized homosexual behavior between two consenting adults even if it was carried on in the privacy of their bedrooms and the decision reflected the predominant view of the majority of Americans about the illegality of homosexual behavior. A 5-4 majority in the Supreme Court upheld Georgia laws on sodomy which criminalized the act on grounds of